Artificial intelligence in healthcare: applications, challenges, and future directions. A narrative review informed by international, multidisciplinary expertise.

🤖 Plain-English Summary

This narrative review evaluates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, summarizing its historical evolution, current applications across medical and surgical specialties, and implications for allied health professions and biomedical research. With careful regulation, clinician-led design, and global equity considerations, AI can augment healthcare delivery and research.

🔑 Key Findings

• We conducted a structured literature search in Ovid MEDLINE (2018-2025) using terms related to AI, machine learning, deep learning, large language models, generative AI, and healthcare applications.
• Priority was given to peer-reviewed articles providing novel insights, multidisciplinary perspectives, and coverage of underrepresented domains.
• AI is increasingly applied to diagnostics, surgical navigation, risk prediction, and personalized medicine.

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