Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests

To review empirical studies that assess saturation in qualitative research in order to identify sample sizes for saturation, strategies used to assess saturation, and guidance we can draw from these studies. This synthesis also provides an important resource for researchers, academic journals, journal reviewers, ethical review boards, and funding agencies to facilitate greater transparency in justifying and reporting sample sizes in qualitative research.

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• 1 We conducted a systematic review of four databases to identify studies empirically assessing sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research, supplemented by searching citing articles and reference lists.
• 2 We identified 23 articles that used empirical data (n = 17) or statistical modeling (n = 6) to assess saturation.
• 3 Studies using empirical data reached saturation within a narrow range of interviews (9–17) or focus group discussions (4–8), particularly those with relatively homogenous study populations and narrowly defined objectives.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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