Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Abstract Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components.

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• 1 This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components.
• 2 Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today.
• 3 The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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