Probing topological spin liquids on a programmable quantum simulator

Quantum spin liquids, exotic phases of matter with topological order, have been a major focus in physics for the past several decades. The onset of a quantum spin liquid phase of the paradigmatic toric code type was detected by using topological string operators that provide direct signatures of topological order and quantum correlations.

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• 1 Such phases feature long-range quantum entanglement that can potentially be exploited to realize robust quantum computation.
• 2 We used a 219-atom programmable quantum simulator to probe quantum spin liquid states.
• 3 In our approach, arrays of atoms were placed on the links of a kagome lattice, and evolution under Rydberg blockade created frustrated quantum states with no local order.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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