Independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition: A new method for visual study of interactions in chemical systems

The powerful independent gradient model (IGM) method has been increasingly popular in visual analysis of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in recent years. Currently IGMH analysis has been supported in our wavefunction analysis code Multiwfn (http://sobereva.com/multiwfn).

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• 1 However, we frequently observed that there is an evident shortcoming of IGM map in graphically studying weak interactions, that is its isosurfaces are usually too bulgy; in these cases, not only the graphical effect is poor, but also the color on some areas on the isosurfaces is inappropriate and may lead to erroneous analysis conclusions.
• 2 In addition, the IGM method was originally proposed based on promolecular density, which is quite crude and does not take actual electronic structure into account.
• 3 In this article, we propose an improvement version of IGM, namely IGM based on Hirshfeld partition of molecular density (IGMH), which replaces the free-state atomic densities involved in the IGM method with the atomic densities derived by Hirshfeld partition of actual molecular electron density.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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