Energy consumption of current and future production of lithium-ion and post lithium-ion battery cells

Abstract Due to the rapidly increasing demand for electric vehicles, the need for battery cells is also increasing considerably. On the macro-economic level, we find that the energy consumption for the global production of LIB and PLIB cells will be 130,000 GWh if no measures are taken.

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• 1 However, the production of battery cells requires enormous amounts of energy, which is expensive and produces greenhouse gas emissions.
• 2 Here, by combining data from literature and from own research, we analyse how much energy lithium-ion battery (LIB) and post lithium-ion battery (PLIB) cell production requires on cell and macro-economic levels, currently and in the future (until 2040).
• 3 On the cell level, we find that PLIB cells require less energy than LIB cells per produced cell energy.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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