A NICER View of the Massive Pulsar PSR J0740+6620 Informed by Radio Timing and XMM-Newton Spectroscopy

Abstract We report on Bayesian estimation of the radius, mass, and hot surface regions of the massive millisecond pulsar PSR J0740+6620, conditional on pulse-profile modeling of Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer X-ray Timing Instrument event data. All software for the X-ray modeling framework is open-source and all data, model, and sample information is publicly available, including analysis notebooks and model modules in the Python language.

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• 1 We condition on informative pulsar mass, distance, and orbital inclination priors derived from the joint North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves and Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment/Pulsar wideband radio timing measurements of Fonseca and colleagues
• 2 We use XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera spectroscopic event data to inform our X-ray likelihood function.
• 3 The prior support of the pulsar radius is truncated at 16 km to ensure coverage of current dense matter models.

This work deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures.

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