TotalSegmentator: Robust Segmentation of 104 Anatomic Structures in CT Images

Purpose To present a deep learning segmentation model that can automatically and robustly segment all major anatomic structures on body CT images. Keywords: CT, Segmentation, Neural Networks Supplemental material is available for this article.

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• 1 Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 1204 CT examinations (from 2012, 2016, and 2020) were used to segment 104 anatomic structures (27 organs, 59 bones, 10 muscles, and eight vessels) relevant for use cases such as organ volumetry, disease characterization, and surgical or radiation therapy planning.
• 2 The CT images were randomly sampled from routine clinical studies and thus represent a real-world dataset (different ages, abnormalities, scanners, body parts, sequences, and sites).
• 3 The authors trained an nnU-Net segmentation algorithm on this dataset and calculated Dice similarity coefficients to evaluate the model’s performance.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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