Revised Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) Guideline: An Update for the Age of Artificial Intelligence

INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare and scientific publishing. Through a robust consensus process, we have added specific reporting criteria for AI to ensure that any use of AI in a case report is documented, explained, and discussed concerning bias and ethics.

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• 1 Reporting guidelines need to be updated to consider this advance.The SCARE Guideline 2025 update introduces a new AI-focused domain to promote transparency, reproducibility, and ethical integrity in surgical case reports (SCAREs) involving AI.
• 2 METHODS A Delphi consensus exercise was conducted to update the SCARE guidelines.
• 3 A panel of 49 surgical and scientific experts was invited to rate proposed new items.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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