Revealing the theoretical basis of gamification: A systematic review and analysis of theory in research on gamification, serious games and game-based learning

Despite increasing scientific interest in explaining how gamification supports positive affect and motivation, behavior change and learning, there is still a lack of an overview of the current theoretical understanding of the psychological mechanisms of gamification. Gamification mechanics can allow users to pursue individual goals and choose between different progress paths, while the system can adapt complexity to the user's abilities.

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• 1 Previous research has adopted several different angles and remains fragmented.
• 2 Taking both an observational and explanatory perspective, we examined the theoretical foundations used in research on gamification, serious games and game-based learning through a systematic literature review and then discussed the commonalities of their core assumptions.
• 3 The overview shows that scientists have used a variety of 118 different theories.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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