Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review

Abstract Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is of prime importance for a clean environment and human health. More attention should be drawn to using real wastewaters rather than synthetic ones when investigating heavy metals removal.

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• 1 Different reported methods were devoted to heavy metal ions removal from various wastewater sources.
• 2 These methods could be classified into adsorption-, membrane-, chemical-, electric-, and photocatalytic-based treatments.
• 3 This paper comprehensively and critically reviews and discusses these methods in terms of used agents/adsorbents, removal efficiency, operating conditions, and the pros and cons of each method.

These innovations can translate to real-world improvements in technology, infrastructure, and everyday tools.

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