Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells

Abstract Perovskite solar cells with the formula FA 1− x Cs x PbI 3 , where FA is formamidinium, provide an attractive option for integrating high efficiency, durable stability and compatibility with scaled-up fabrication. We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films.

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• 1 Despite the incorporation of Cs cations, which could potentially enable a perfect perovskite lattice 1,2 , the compositional inhomogeneity caused by A-site cation segregation is likely to be detrimental to the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells 3,4 .
• 2 Here we visualized the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction across perovskite films and identified the underlying reasons for the inhomogeneity and its potential impact for devices.
• 3 We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films.

These innovations can translate to real-world improvements in technology, infrastructure, and everyday tools.

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