Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an important global health challenge in the 21st century. Given the high variability of AMR burden by location and age, it is important that interventions combine infection prevention, vaccination, minimisation of inappropriate antibiotic use in farming and humans, and research into new antibiotics to mitigate the number of AMR deaths that are forecasted for 2050.

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• 1 A previous study has quantified the global and regional burden of AMR for 2019, followed with additional publications that provided more detailed estimates for several WHO regions by country.
• 2 To date, there have been no studies that produce comprehensive estimates of AMR burden across locations that encompass historical trends and future forecasts.
• 3 METHODS: We estimated all-age and age-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial AMR for 22 pathogens, 84 pathogen-drug combinations, and 11 infectious syndromes in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.

Understanding this could lead to better treatments, improved diagnostics, or a deeper grasp of how the human body works — benefiting patient care globally.

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