Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test.

Network approaches to psychometric constructs, in which constructs are modeled in terms of interactions between their constituent factors, have rapidly gained popularity in psychology. Possible extensions of NCT are discussed.

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• 1 Applications of such network approaches to various psychological constructs have recently moved from a descriptive stance, in which the goal is to estimate the network structure that pertains to a construct, to a more comparative stance, in which the goal is to compare network structures across populations.
• 2 However, the statistical tools to do so are lacking.
• 3 In this article, we present the network comparison test (NCT), which uses resampling-based permutation testing to compare network structures from two independent, cross-sectional data sets on invariance of (a) network structure, (b) edge (connection) strength, and (c) global strength.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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