Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field

Abstract This systematic review provides unique findings with an up-to-date examination of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education (HE) from 2016 to 2022. Five usage codes emerged from the data: (1) Assessment/Evaluation, (2) Predicting, (3) AI Assistant, (4) Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), and (5) Managing Student Learning.

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• 1 Using PRISMA principles and protocol, 138 articles were identified for a full examination.
• 2 Using a priori, and grounded coding, the data from the 138 articles were extracted, analyzed, and coded.
• 3 The findings of this study show that in 2021 and 2022, publications rose nearly two to three times the number of previous years.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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