An Overview of Variants and Advancements of PSO Algorithm

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is one of the most famous swarm-based optimization techniques inspired by nature. In the present paper, an overview of the PSO algorithm is presented.

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• 1 Due to its properties of flexibility and easy implementation, there is an enormous increase in the popularity of this nature-inspired technique.
• 2 Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has gained prompt attention from every field of researchers.
• 3 Since its origin in 1995 till now, researchers have improved the original Particle swarm optimization (PSO) in varying ways.

This research advances how AI systems learn, reason, and solve problems — with direct implications for automation and scientific discovery.

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