A review on nanoparticles: characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges

The significance of nanoparticles (NPs) in technological advancements is due to their adaptable characteristics and enhanced performance over their parent material. Numerous biological organisms, such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, yeast, and plants, are used for the green synthesis of NPs.

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• 1 They are frequently synthesized by reducing metal ions into uncharged nanoparticles using hazardous reducing agents.
• 2 However, there have been several initiatives in recent years to create green technology that uses natural resources instead of dangerous chemicals to produce nanoparticles.
• 3 In green synthesis, biological methods are used for the synthesis of NPs because biological methods are eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and highly productive.

These innovations can translate to real-world improvements in technology, infrastructure, and everyday tools.

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